Book Description:
Advances in long-term improvement and outcomes of patients with kidney disease will require the use of novel biomarkers to identify patients at high risk for kidney disease and to diagnose kidney disease early for effective treatment. A biomarker is a substance found in the blood, body fluids or tissues that provides a measure of normal biological or pathological processes or response to pharmacological compounds or drugs. There are a wide variety of biomarkers including but not limited to mRNA, proteins and petides, and lipid molecules. In AKI, important pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, apoptotic and necrotic cell death and, tubule regeneration may be reflected in blood or urine. An array of candidate markers along with clinical information in long-term clinical studies with appropriate analytical methodologies will likely provide prognostic information.

Despite well-known limitations, currently the most widely used biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CKD and AKI are proteinuria, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Most clinicians are aware that serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen are poor biomarkers due to inherent characteristics of these molecules and handling by the kidney. Creatinine is secreted and urea nitrogen is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Many endogenous substances interfere in the assay for creatinine. Serum creatinine and urea appear late after acute kidney injury and the serum levels in part depend on the generation (large or small body mass). Acute kidney injury is a non steady state condition thus serum creatinine and urea nitrogen will lag behind kidney injury. For these reasons new biomarkers are imperative.

With knowledge of these limitations in use of current biomarkers and the lack of progress in reducing the mortality and morbidity from kidney disease, there has been a great surge of interest in identifying novel biomarkers with a particular emphasis on the early diagnosis of kidney disease. A variety of methods have been employed including transcriptomics, proteomics, gene arrays and lipidomics. Currently, candidate biomarkers have been found in different disorders and have been tested in humans and many candidate biomarker have yet to be identified. Most studies to date are preliminary and require validation in large multicenter studies followed by commercial assay development validation and testing.

This new book outlines the rapid advances made in the field of biomarker development for kidney disease in which a variety of novel molecules have been identified and studied in humans.

Table of Contents:
Preface
Chapter I - Introduction; pp. 1-3
(Mark D. Okusa, Mitchell Rosner)

Chapter II - Phases of Biomarker Development; pp. 5-19
(Hua Zhou, Robert A. Star, Peter S.T. Yuen, Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health)

Chapter III - Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease; pp. 21-41
(Hooman Sadr, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Division of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Maine Medical Center, Portland ME)

Chapter IV - Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury; pp. 43-74
(Michael A. Ferguson, Joseph V. Bonventre, Robert H. Ebert Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Director, Harvard-MIT Health Science and Technology, Harvard Institutes of Medicine)

Chapter V - Metabolomic Approaches to Novel Biomarker Development; pp. 75-98
(Didier Portilla, Laura Schnackenberg, Richard D. Beger)

Chapter VI - Biomarkers in Kidney Transplantation; pp. 99-126
(Tulsi K. Mehta, Mohammad Sanaei Ardekani, Dept. of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, Hamid Rabb, Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine)

Chapter VII - Biomarkers in Obstructive Uropathy; pp. 127-138 (Robert L. Chevalier, Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA)

Index